9^th International Conference on Environment and Climate Change November 18-19, 2019 Johannesburg, South Africa

Track 1: Environmental Sustainability and Development

Environment sustainability is a worldwide, multidisciplinary which covers all points of view of the common impacts of socio-economic planning advancement. Concerned with the complex interactions between development and environment, its reason is to see for ways and implies for finishing sustainability in all human activities aimed at such advancement. It besides covers the current and creating issues in arrange to progress wrangle about and broaden the understanding of characteristic challenges as in a general sense to even-handed and maintained financial improvement. The objective of natural sustainability is to preserve common assets and to create alternate sources of power while diminishing environmental contamination toxicology and harm to the environment. For natural sustainability, the state of the future – as measured in 50, 100 and 1,000 years is the guiding rule. Numerous projects that are established in natural sustainability will include replanting woodlands, protecting wetlands and protecting natural ranges from resource harvesting. The most fundamental feedback of natural sustainability activities is that their needs can be at chances with the needs of a developing industrialized society.

Track 2: Climate Change and Biodiversity

Healthy ecosystems require a vast assortment of plant and animal life, from soil microbes to top-level predators like bears and wolves. “The variability among living organisms from different sources including terrestrial, marine, aquatic ecosystems etc. The ecological includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. If any of the species is removed from this environment, it can harm the ecosystem.

In the last century, the average global temperature has increased by 0.80°C (1.44°F), rain pattern has changed, natural disaster event has increased, melting of polar caps and rise in sea level. Many changes have been reported, the reaction of species to changing situations is likely to be decided generally by population reactions at edges. Over the past years, a few models have been created to view the effect of climate change on biodiversity. Results from these models have recommended a few disturbing results of climate change on biodiversity, predicting the future results. There is enough proof that climate change influences biodiversity.

Track 3: Climate and Coastal Stressor

Climate change impacts on marine biological systems include different stressors, transcendently temperature, hypoxia and COâ‚‚, all of which may combine with further coastal anthropogenic stressors such as pollutants. All life forms react to these drivers, taking after possibly common standards, which are insufficiently understood. Climate change can influence coastal zones in an assortment of ways. Coasts are delicate to ocean level rise, changes in the frequency and intensity of storms, increases in precipitation, and warmer sea temperatures. In addition, rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) are causing the seas to absorb more of the gas and ended up more acidic. This rising sharpness can have significant impacts on coastal and marine biological systems. Larger coastal populations and expanding advancement have driven to expanded loading of harmful substances, supplements and pathogens with consequent algal blossoms, hypoxia, shoreline closures, and damage to coastal fisheries. Later climate change has driven to the rise in ocean level with misfortune of coastal wetlands and saltwater interruption into coastal aquifers.

Track 4: Oceans cleaning and Coral reefs

Human-initiated climate change threatens coastal and marine environments through rising in sea-level, evaporation, and changes in climate patterns and water temperatures. The Plastic pollution is one of the major threats to the Ocean and marine activities such as oil platforms and aquaculture. Oceans and climate are indivisibly associated and playing a fundamental part in directing climate change by serving as a major heat and carbon sink. Our oceans are particularly defenseless to the adverse impacts from human emanations of greenhouse gasses. Since the growth of Industrial Transformation, mankind has expanded the acidity of our oceans by 30% and has expanded the sum of carbon dioxide in our climate by over 30%-40%, essentially from the burning of fossil fuels. Other human activities have brought about extra major commitments of greenhouse gasses, such as methane and nitrous oxides. Polar vortex defines climate change

The coral reef is like plants, but in fact, the Corals are animals, they made of tiny animals called polyps. The most diverse ecosystems on earth cover less than 1 % of the ocean floor, home of 25% of all marine creatures and estimated that 2 million species inhabit coral reefs competing the bio-diversity of the rainforest. It provides a rich habitat protecting young fish when they grow.

The largest Coral Reefs: Australia’s Great Barrier Reef which began growing 20 thousand years ago.

The threat to the coral reefs is the pollution from factors which resulting Coral bleaching which transforms them into the white skeleton.

Warming water results in prolonged coral bleaching that kills coral reefs leave them vulnerable to other threats without significant action on climate change our ocean could lose many colorful reefs by the end of the century. Many Organization taking steps and working upon to protect and conserve it, some of the organization like UN Environment, IYOR, Coral Guardian and many more.

Track 5: Carbon Cycle and Carbon Footprint

The carbon cycle is the circulation and change of carbon back and forth between living things and the environment. Carbon is a component, something that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. The sum of carbon on the earth and in Earth's atmosphere is fixed, but that fixed amount of carbon is dynamic, continuously changing into different carbon compounds and moving between living and non-living things. The term carbon footprint is characterized as the amount of carbon (often in tonnes) is being radiated by an organization, event, product or individual directly or indirectly. Everyone’s carbon impression is different depending on their area, habits and personal choice. People concerned with the environment and global warming usually try to reduce their carbon output by increasing their home's energy efficiency and driving less.

Track 6: Renewable Energy and Climate Change Mitigation

Renewable energy is the energy that is gathered from Renewable resources, which is renewed by nature without any human interference. such as wind, sunlight, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Several countries have adopted alternative plans to obtain their power from renewable energy according to the availability of Renewable resources. These countries are not only accelerating Renewable Energy installations but are also integrating Renewable Energy into their existing infrastructure. This action to rely on Renewable Energy will minimize the harm caused to Environment and Climate.

Climate change mitigation is actions to limit the magnitude and the rate of climate change with respect to time. It generally involves reductions in anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of carbon sinks, Reforestation the simplest example.

Examples of mitigation include switching to low-carbon energy sources, such as renewable and nuclear energy, and expanding forests and other "sinks" to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Track 7: Global Warming Causes and Effects

Global warming is the average rise in average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and Its oceans relative to century-scale of the Earth's climate system and its related effects. A change which is permanently changing the earth in a 2008 NASA article on usage, Erik M. Conway defined global warming - "the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to rising levels of greenhouse gases", while climate change was "a long-term change in the Earth's climate, or of a region on Earth”. The “scale” effect refers to the impact on greenhouse gas emissions from the increased yield or economic activity resulting in the freer trade. The common assumption is that trade opening will increment economic activity and thus energy use. Everything else being rise to, this increment in the scale of financial activity and energy use will lead to higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions.

it is expected that climate change will be the reason towards the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems. The rising of temperature could cause the extinction of bee population.

Track 8: Climate Change and Health

All populations will be influenced by climate change, but a few are more vulnerable than others. Individuals living in small island developing states and other coastal districts, megacities, and mountainous and polar regions are especially vulnerable. Over the final 50 years, human activities – especially the burning of fossil fuels have released adequate amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses to trap additional heat in the lower atmosphere and influence the worldwide climate change. In spite of the fact that global warming may bring a few localized benefits, such as fewer winter deaths in mild climates and increased food production in certain regions, the overall health impacts of a changing climate are likely to be overwhelmingly negative. Climate change impacts social and common determinants of wellbeing – clean air, safe drinking water, satisfactory nourishment, and secure shield. Locale with frail prosperity system – for the most part in developing nations – will be the least able to oversee without help to get prepared and respond.

Track 9: Climate Change Risk, Policy, and Law

Climate change raises critical social, natural and legitimate challenges. The health administration system applying to climate change is complex and multi-level. Worldwide climate change presents one of the most troublesome issues the worldwide community has ever stood up to. Since the emergence of climate change as a new and progressively important component in energy approach, more consideration has been given to the need to receive coordinates approaches to energy policy making, with climate change and energy security showing up as vital drivers for future energy policy. The most critical characteristic of climate change as a policy issue is instability. From climatology to financial matters, instabilities are unavoidable, huge and troublesome to resolve. In any case, the modern financial hypothesis of natural approach under instability gives a clear guide to the plan of a suitable arrangement. A productive and viable approach would be a hybrid that consolidates the leading highlights of tradable grants and emissions charges.

Track 10: Endangered Species and forestry

Global warming is as of now having critical and costly effects on our communities, our health, and our climate. These impacts will proceed to heighten, develop ever more costly and harming, and progressively influence the whole planet. The signs of climate change include higher temperatures, modified precipitation patterns, and more frequent or seriously extreme events such as heat waves, drought, and storms. Climate change over the past ∼30 years has produced numerous shifts in the distributions and abundances of species and has been implicated in one species-level extinction. The global scale adjusting Earth’s biophysical and natural frameworks at the planetary scale – as is as well of climate change shifts on an exceptionally essential level from the various other familiar natural concerns that refer to restricted toxicological or microbiological threats. Without a doubt, climate change implies that, these days, we are demonstrated by stratospheric ozone utilization, accelerating biodiversity losses, stresses on terrestrial and marine food-producing frameworks, consumption of freshwater supplies, and the worldwide spread of persistent organic pollutants.

Track 11: Space Monitoring of Climate Variable

Our climate is changing because of distinctive variables affecting earth at large. The need of measuring stations in numerous remote regions and particularly over the endless sea zones implies that satellites are the only way to assemble information on ‘Essential Climate Variables’ – ECVs. By utilizing Earth observation strategies from space, we can screen global natural change not possible with other procedures. Climate research, monitoring, prediction, and related administrations depend on exact perceptions of the climate, land, and sea, adequately tested universally and over adequately long time periods. Satellite estimations have given coordinate observational proves that later increases in greenhouse gas concentrations have created the anticipated changes to the active energy transmitted by the Earth. However, while they play a basic part in assessing and improving the models used to make future climate projections required by policymakers they are not however of sufficient exactness to absolutely set up the pace and scale of the climate response to changes caused by human activity.

Track 12: Control Climate Change

The enormity of global warming can be overwhelming and crippling. Climate change is one of the most critical dangers confronting the world nowadays. Avoiding the most noticeably awful results of climate change will require huge cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions. Managing with climate change will require high-level political administration and deal-making of a sort that is troublesome to accomplish through formal arrangements with the 194 parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change by dedicated climate ambassadors alone. In order to viably address worldwide warming, we must essentially decrease the sum of heat-trapping emanations we are putting into the atmosphere. A commonly cited objective is to stabilize  GHG concentrations around 450-550 parts per million (ppm), or around twice pre-industrial levels. This is the point at which many accept the most harming climate change effects can be avoided.

Advances in the science and perception of environmental change are giving a clearer comprehension of the inborn inconstancy of Earth's atmosphere framework and its imaginable reaction to human and common impacts. The ramifications of environmental change for nature and society will depend not just on the reaction of the Earth framework to changes in radiative forcings, yet in addition on how mankind reacts through changes in innovation, economies, way of life and approach. At the point when free markets don't boost society's welfare, they are said to 'fall flat' and arrangement intercession might be expected to adjust them. Numerous business analysts have depicted environmental change for instance of a market disappointment – however, in reality, various particular market disappointments have been distinguished. The core one is the so-called 'greenhouse externality'. Ozone-depleting substance outflows are a reaction of monetarily significant exercises.

The nursery gas externality is accompanied by different other advertise failures, counting those rising from an absence of information around how to decrease emanations, network impacts and an absence of advancement inspirations. A liberal composing in the course of recent years has evaluated tradeoffs among cash and casualty threats. These qualities, in turn, serve in as appraisals of the estimation of a factual life. Quickening the improvement of unused low-carbon innovations and advancing their worldwide application are key challenges for stabilizing air greenhouse gas (GHG) outflows. Thus, innovation is at the center of current talks surrounding the post-Kyoto climate administration. The challenge of technology diffusion on a worldwide scale is too compounded by a lack of data. There is neither a clear and broadly accepted definition of what constitutes a “climate change–mitigation technology” nor a broad understanding of how such innovations are diffused globally. Prove can be marshaled to support either the view that contamination decrease is a cost burden on firms and is hindering to competitiveness, or that decreasing outflows increments productivity and spares cash, giving firms a cost advantage.

GHG is the main component of the environment and climate change. The maximum amount of GHG gases are emitted from industries, transportation, energy supply, forestry, and Agriculture.

More amount of carbon dioxide gases is produced from fossil fuels and other industrial processes i.e. 65%. People’s activity has resulted in the production of methane gas(16%), nitrous oxide(6%), fluorine gas(2%) etc.

Top Societies Associated with Pollution Control Research Around the Globe

• The International Biometrics Society (Australasian Region)
• The International Environmetrics Society (TIES)
• American Statistical Association Section on Statistics and the Environment
• International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (IEMSs)
• Royal Statistical Society Environmental Statistics Section
• Worldwide pollution Control Association
• Environmental Protection Agency
• National Association of Clean Air Agencies
• Air & Waste Management Association
• Cen SARA (Central States Air Resource Agencies)
• USDA Agricultural Air Quality Task Force
• Air Pollution Control Equipment Manufacturers Association of Australia
• Australian Marine Sciences Association
• Total Air Pollution Control (TAPC) Sydney, Australia
• The Australian Water Association
• Ecological Society of Australia
• The Environment Institute of Australia and New Zealand
• Food & Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations
• Australian Institute of Environmental Health

Major Climate Change and Global Warming Related Associations around the Globe:

• Conservation International
• Earth System Governance Project (ESGP)
• Global Environment Facility (GEF)
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
• World Nature Organization (WNO)
• Dancing Star Foundation
• Deep Green Resistance
• Earth Charter Initiative
• Earth Day Network
• Earthwatch
• Environmental Defense Fund
• Fauna and Flora International
• Foundation for Environmental Education
• Forest Stewardship Council
• Frankfurt Zoological Society
• Friends of Nature
• Friends of the Earth
• Global Footprint Network
• Global Witness
• Great Transition Initiative
• Green Actors of West Africa (GAWA)
• Green Cross International
• Greenpeace
• IDEAS For Us
• Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense
• International Analog Forestry Network
• International Network for Sustainable Energy
• List of environmental and conservation organizations in the United States

Major Recycling and Waste Management Associations across the Globe:

• Air & Waste Management Association
• Alabama Recycling Coalition
• Aluminum Association, Inc. (DC)
• American Bureau of Metal Statistics, Inc.
• American Chemical Society, Rubber Division
• American Forest and Paper Association
• American Foundry Society (AFS)
• American Iron & Steel Institute (DC)
• Arizona Recycling Coalition
• Arkansas Recycling Coalition
• Association of Battery Recyclers
• Association of Ohio Recyclers
• National Waste & Recycling Association
• Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA)
•  Municipal Waste Management Association MWMA
•  The International Solid Waste Association: ISWA
•  Air & Waste Management Association
•  The Medical Waste Management Association
•  Ontario Waste Management Association
•  Hong Kong Waste Management Association
•  Central New York Chapter of the Air & Waste Management Association
•  Southern Section Air & Waste Management Association
•  Dutch Waste Management Association
•  National Waste & Recycling Association
•  Fed Center - National Solid Wastes Management Association (NSWMA)